Book Details
Title: Common SenseAuthor: Thomas Paine
ISBN: 978-0140390162 (varies by edition)
Genres: Political Science, History, Nonfiction, Philosophy
Published Year: 1776
Introduction
Originally published anonymously in 1776, Common Sense played a pivotal role in the American Revolution by making the case for independence in accessible language. At a time when loyalty to Britain was still prevalent among many colonists, Thomas Paine’s pamphlet challenged the legitimacy of British rule and the concept of monarchy itself. This influential work pushed ordinary citizens and leaders alike to consider the value of independence and the potential for creating a fair, representative government. Its impact was immediate and profound, catalyzing revolutionary sentiment across the thirteen colonies.
Summary of Key Sections
1. Of the Origin and Design of Government in General
Paine begins by defining the difference between society and government, setting the groundwork for his arguments about the flaws of monarchy and hereditary rule.
- Society vs. Government: Paine explains that society arises from human needs, bringing people together for mutual benefit, whereas government exists to mitigate human vices. In his view, government is a "necessary evil" that should be kept small and nonintrusive.
“Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness.”
- Purpose of Government: Paine advocates for a government based on representation and accountability, emphasizing that it should exist only to serve the people’s needs and not to impose unjust power.
2. Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
Paine criticizes the institution of monarchy, arguing that kings and queens are not only unnecessary but also harmful to the well-being of the people.
- Arguments Against Monarchy: He refutes the notion that rulers are chosen by divine right, calling it a flawed and outdated belief. Paine points out the historical failures and abuses associated with monarchies, presenting them as self-serving and corrupt.
“Of more worth is one honest man to society… than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived.”
- Hereditary Succession: Paine views hereditary succession as irrational, arguing that it places power in the hands of those who may lack virtue, intelligence, or leadership abilities. He notes that this system leads to conflicts, power struggles, and divisions within society.
3. Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs
This section addresses the specific situation of the American colonies under British rule and argues why independence is both necessary and inevitable.
Grievances with Britain: Paine details the ways in which Britain has exploited and mistreated the colonies, highlighting unjust taxation, lack of representation, and economic manipulation. He emphasizes that remaining under British rule serves no benefit to the American people.
Argument for Independence: Paine argues that America has reached the point where independence is the only logical choice. He warns that continued subjugation will lead to worse conditions and that the colonies should take this opportunity to establish a new government.
“There is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island.”
- A Vision of a New Government: Paine advocates for a democratic republic where power resides with elected representatives accountable to the people. He suggests that this system will allow for fair laws, equal rights, and better opportunities for all citizens.
4. On the Capability of America to Exist Independently
In this section, Paine addresses common fears regarding America’s capacity to survive as an independent nation, debunking concerns about defense, economy, and alliances.
Military Strength: Paine acknowledges that while the colonies lack a formal army, their numbers, courage, and unity would serve them well in resisting British forces. He encourages the colonies to invest in their own defense, predicting that they could withstand British attacks.
Economic Stability: Paine argues that America’s resources and trade potential make it well-suited for independence. He emphasizes the wealth of natural resources, agricultural production, and the ability to establish new trade relationships, especially with other European countries.
Alliances and Foreign Relations: Paine believes that independence would open the door to diplomatic relations with other nations, allowing for mutually beneficial alliances. Free from Britain, the colonies could establish their own identity and gain the respect of other nations.
“We have it in our power to begin the world over again.”
5. The Appeal to Conscience and Duty
In the closing section, Paine appeals to the reader’s sense of moral duty and justice, urging every colonist to consider the legacy they will leave for future generations.
Moral Responsibility: Paine argues that it is the duty of each colonist to stand up for what is right, emphasizing that freedom from tyranny is a fundamental right. He invokes the idea of a better future, free from oppression, where future generations can live in peace and prosperity.
Unity and Purpose: Paine’s conclusion is a call to unity among the colonies, encouraging them to act decisively and collectively. He stresses that division will only serve the interests of Britain and weaken the colonies’ position.
Key Themes
1. The Right to Self-Governance
Paine passionately advocates for the right of people to govern themselves without interference from a foreign ruler. He emphasizes that a government should serve its people, not impose its will upon them.
2. The Dangers of Monarchy and Hereditary Rule
One of Paine’s primary arguments is against hereditary monarchy, which he sees as a fundamentally flawed system. He contends that it places power in the hands of individuals who may lack the necessary qualities to lead and that it perpetuates inequality and corruption.
3. Independence as the Only Solution
For Paine, independence is not just a preference but a necessity for the colonies to achieve justice, peace, and prosperity. He sees the separation from Britain as the only path toward a free and fair society.
4. Vision of a Democratic Republic
Paine’s proposed system of government—a republic based on democratic principles—was groundbreaking. He saw this structure as the best way to ensure accountability, equality, and fair representation.
5. Moral Responsibility and Legacy
Paine challenges his readers to consider their responsibility to future generations. He calls for immediate action, arguing that the pursuit of independence is a moral imperative.
Impact of Common Sense
The pamphlet sold over 500,000 copies within months of its publication, a staggering number at the time, and its message resonated widely among American colonists. Common Sense sparked revolutionary fervor, uniting diverse groups in the belief that independence was not only possible but essential. Its clear language and compelling arguments made it accessible to people from all backgrounds, helping to shift public opinion and garner support for the American Revolution.
Conclusion
Common Sense remains a landmark in political writing, remembered for its boldness, clarity, and impact on the American Revolution. Paine’s persuasive argument for independence and self-governance not only inspired the American colonies to seek freedom from British rule but also laid the intellectual foundation for democratic ideals. Paine’s vision of a republic built on justice, equality, and representation resonates beyond its historical context, speaking to timeless ideals about government and human rights.
One-Sentence Summary
Common Sense by Thomas Paine is a groundbreaking pamphlet that passionately argues for American independence, critiquing monarchy, championing self-governance, and inspiring a new vision of a democratic society.